SS-31 (Elamipretide)
A mitochondria-targeting peptide that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane to support energy production in damaged or aging cells.
Overview
SS-31, also known as elamipretide, is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide designed to penetrate mitochondrial membranes and bind cardiolipin — a key lipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane. By stabilizing cardiolipin, it supports mitochondrial structure, electron transport efficiency, and ATP production. It has been studied in cardiac, ophthalmic, and neurological conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Benefits
- Stabilizes mitochondrial membrane structure
- Improves ATP production efficiency
- Reduces oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species
- Studied for cardiac, ophthalmic, and neurological conditions
Mechanism of Action
SS-31 selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, preserving cristae structure and electron transport chain efficiency, which reduces ROS generation and protects ATP output.
Dosage (informational only)
- Typical range
- 40 mg per day (clinical trial range)
- Frequency
- Once daily subcutaneously
Clinical trials have explored doses of 4–40 mg/day. Long-term human safety still under investigation.
Side Effects
- Generally well-tolerated in trials
- Possible injection site reactions
- Mild headache
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